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Python—Virtualenv---pyenv简明教程(MAC版)
|python
字数总计:3.1k|阅读时长: 16 分钟
|阅读量:|评论数:

在Mac上，系统默认使用的是python2.7，而且最好不要去手动修改python的版本，因为系统的很多东西是依赖python2.7的，一旦修改将引起不必要的麻烦。

那么，怎样在Mac上进行python3的开发和学习呢？还好，我发现了python版本管理神器virtualenv和pyenv。其中，pyenv侧重于python版本的管理，需要修改当下系统的环境版本；而virtualenv相当于python虚拟容器，能够创建完全独立的python版本环境，不同版本之间不会共享库文件和环境配置，不相互影响。

pyenv管理与系统环境隔离的python解释器版本，比如2.7.8、3.4.2
virtualenv管理与系统环境隔离的包安装，比如可以在x_env里安装a包的1.0版，在y_env里安装a包的1.1版，两者互不影响，也不影响系统环境中的安装包
pyenv包含有virtualenv，可以选择生成的venv是基于哪个解释器环境的
如果只是单独安装virtualenv，不安装pyenv，那么生成的venv就是基于系统环境解释器的了

virtualenv也可以配置python解释器的，新建环境的时候-p path/to/version/python

下面将分别介绍两种版本管理的安装使用和维护方法。

1、安装Virtualenv

使用pip安装Virtualenv, 使用过python的都应该知道pip包管理神器吧, 即使不知道, 网站也有大把的教程, 不过推荐查看官方安装指南

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$ pip install virtualenv
//或者由于权限问题使用sudo临时提升权限
$ sudo pip install virtualenv
$ pip install virtualenvwrapper

2、virutalenv基本使用

现在开始使用virtualenv管理python环境

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➜  Test git:(master) ✗ virtualenv ENV  #创建一个名为ENV的目录, 并且安装了ENV/bin/python, 创建了lib,include,bin目录,安装了pip
New python executable in 
Installing setuptools, pip...done.
➜  Test git:(master) ✗ cd ENV
➜  ENV git:(master) ✗ ll
drwxr-xr-x  14 andrew_liu  staff  476 12  8 08:49 bin
drwxr-xr-x   3 andrew_liu  staff  102 12  8 08:49 include
drwxr-xr-x   3 andrew_liu  staff  102 12  8 08:49 lib
  • lib,所有安装的python库都会放在这个目录中的lib/pythonx.x/site-packages/下
  • bin,bin/python是在当前环境是使用的python解释器

如果在命令行中运行virtualenv --system-site-packages ENV, 会继承/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages下的所有库, 最新版本virtualenv把把访问全局site-packages作为默认行为

如果在命令行中运行virtualenv --system-site-packages ENV, 会继承/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages下的所有库, 最新版本virtualenv把把访问全局site-packages作为默认行为
default behavior.

2.1、激活virtualenv

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#ENV目录下使用如下命令
➜  ENV git:(master) ✗ source ./bin/activate  #激活当前virtualenv
(ENV)➜  ENV git:(master) ✗ #注意终端发生了变化
#使用pip查看当前库
(ENV)➜  ENV git:(master) ✗ pip list
pip (1.5.6)
setuptools (3.6)
wsgiref (0.1.2) #发现在只有这三个
pip freeze  #显示所有依赖
pip freeze > requirement.txt  #生成requirement.txt文件
pip install -r requirement.txt  #根据requirement.txt生成相同的环境

2.2、关闭virtualenv

使用下面命令

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$ deactivate

2.3、指定python版本

可以使用-p PYTHON_EXE选项在创建虚拟环境的时候指定python版本

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#创建python2.7虚拟环境
➜  Test git:(master) ✗ virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python2.7 ENV2.7
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/bin/python2.7
New python executable in ENV2.7/bin/python
#创建python3.4虚拟环境
➜  Test git:(master) ✗ virtualenv -p /usr/local/bin/python3.4 ENV3.4
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/local/bin/python3.4
Using base prefix '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4'
New python executable in ENV3.4/bin/python3.4
Also creating executable in ENV3.4/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip...done.

到此已经可以解决python版本冲突问题和python库不同版本的问题。

2.4、在pycharm中使用虚拟环境

在设置里面Project Interpreter，点击齿轮那个按钮，选择”Add Local”，然后选择刚才创建的虚拟环境的路径。

3、pyenv查看系统版本

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(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤  more /System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
        <key>ProductBuildVersion</key>
        <string>14F27</string>
        <key>ProductCopyright</key>
        <string>1983-2015 Apple Inc.</string>
        <key>ProductName</key>
        <string>Mac OS X</string>
        <key>ProductUserVisibleVersion</key>
        <string>10.10.5</string>
        <key>ProductVersion</key>
        <string>10.10.5</string>
</dict>
</plist>

3.1、安装homebrew

打开终端输入如下命令安装homebrew。

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(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤  ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
==> This script will install:
/usr/local/bin/brew
/usr/local/share/doc/homebrew
/usr/local/share/man/man1/brew.1
/usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions/_brew
/usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/brew
/usr/local/Homebrew
==> The following new directories will be created:
/usr/local/Homebrew
/usr/local/sbin

Press RETURN to continue or any other key to abort
==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/mkdir -p /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/sbin
Password:
==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod g+rwx /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/sbin
==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod 755 /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions
==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/chown lumia /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/sbin
==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/chgrp admin /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/sbin
==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/mkdir -p /Users/lumia/Library/Caches/Homebrew
==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod g+rwx /Users/lumia/Library/Caches/Homebrew
==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/chown lumia /Users/lumia/Library/Caches/Homebrew
==> Downloading and installing Homebrew...
remote: Counting objects: 6081, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3725/3725), done.
remote: Total 6081 (delta 3449), reused 4041 (delta 2165), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (6081/6081), 3.48 MiB | 1.48 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (3449/3449), done.
From https://github.com/Homebrew/brew
 * [new branch]      master     -> origin/master
 * [new tag]         0.1        -> 0.1
 * [new tag]         0.2        -> 0.2
 * [new tag]         0.3        -> 0.3
 * [new tag]         0.4        -> 0.4
 * [new tag]         0.5        -> 0.5
 * [new tag]         0.6        -> 0.6
 * [new tag]         0.7        -> 0.7
 * [new tag]         0.7.1      -> 0.7.1
 * [new tag]         0.8        -> 0.8
 * [new tag]         0.8.1      -> 0.8.1
 * [new tag]         0.9        -> 0.9
 * [new tag]         0.9.1      -> 0.9.1
 * [new tag]         0.9.2      -> 0.9.2
 * [new tag]         0.9.3      -> 0.9.3
 * [new tag]         0.9.4      -> 0.9.4
 * [new tag]         0.9.5      -> 0.9.5
 * [new tag]         0.9.8      -> 0.9.8
 * [new tag]         0.9.9      -> 0.9.9
 * [new tag]         1.0.0      -> 1.0.0
 * [new tag]         1.0.1      -> 1.0.1
 * [new tag]         1.0.2      -> 1.0.2
 * [new tag]         1.0.3      -> 1.0.3
 * [new tag]         1.0.4      -> 1.0.4
 * [new tag]         1.0.5      -> 1.0.5
 * [new tag]         1.0.6      -> 1.0.6
 * [new tag]         1.0.7      -> 1.0.7
 * [new tag]         1.0.8      -> 1.0.8
 * [new tag]         1.0.9      -> 1.0.9
 * [new tag]         1.1.0      -> 1.1.0
 * [new tag]         1.1.1      -> 1.1.1
 * [new tag]         1.1.10     -> 1.1.10
 * [new tag]         1.1.11     -> 1.1.11
 * [new tag]         1.1.12     -> 1.1.12
 * [new tag]         1.1.13     -> 1.1.13
 * [new tag]         1.1.2      -> 1.1.2
 * [new tag]         1.1.3      -> 1.1.3
 * [new tag]         1.1.4      -> 1.1.4
 * [new tag]         1.1.5      -> 1.1.5
 * [new tag]         1.1.6      -> 1.1.6
 * [new tag]         1.1.7      -> 1.1.7
 * [new tag]         1.1.8      -> 1.1.8
 * [new tag]         1.1.9      -> 1.1.9
 * [new tag]         1.2.0      -> 1.2.0
 * [new tag]         1.2.1      -> 1.2.1
HEAD is now at dd5d488 Merge pull request #2658 from JCount/audit-fix-versioned-aliases-homebrew-core
==> Tapping homebrew/core
Cloning into '/usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core'...
remote: Counting objects: 4421, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4226/4226), done.
remote: Total 4421 (delta 37), reused 473 (delta 14), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (4421/4421), 3.52 MiB | 2.40 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (37/37), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
Tapped 4225 formulae (4,463 files, 11.0MB)
==> Cleaning up /Library/Caches/Homebrew...
Removing: /Library/Caches/Homebrew/gdbm-1.11.yosemite.bottle.2.tar.gz... (163.3KB)
Removing: /Library/Caches/Homebrew/python3-3.4.3.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz... (18.5MB)
Removing: /Library/Caches/Homebrew/readline-6.3.8.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz... (741.5KB)
Removing: /Library/Caches/Homebrew/sqlite-3.8.8.3.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz... (940.7KB)
Removing: /Library/Caches/Homebrew/xz-5.2.0.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz... (449.5KB)
==> Migrating /Library/Caches/Homebrew to /Users/lumia/Library/Caches/Homebrew..
==> Deleting /Library/Caches/Homebrew...
Already up-to-date.
Error: Could not link:
/usr/local/share/man/man1/brew.1

Please delete these paths and run `brew update`.
Error: Could not link:
/usr/local/share/doc/homebrew

Please delete these paths and run `brew update`.
==> Installation successful!

==> Homebrew has enabled anonymous aggregate user behaviour analytics.
Read the analytics documentation (and how to opt-out) here:
  http://docs.brew.sh/Analytics.html

==> Next steps:
- Run `brew help` to get started
- Further documentation:
    http://docs.brew.sh

测试是否安装成功

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(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤  brew -v
Homebrew 1.2.1
Homebrew/homebrew-core (git revision 9bf0; last commit 2017-05-22)

显示版本信息证明安装成功了。

3.2、安装pyenv

当然，既可以通过brew命令安装，也可以通过pip命令安装。

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$ brew install pyenv 
$ brew install pyenv-virtualenv
#或者pip
$ pip install pyenv
$ pip install virtualenv
#验证安装成功
$ pyenv -v
$ pyenv-virtualenv --version

3.3、查看可以安装python版本

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(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤  pyenv install --list                                                 130 ↵
Available versions:
  2.1.3
  2.2.3
  2.3.7
  2.4
  2.4.1
  2.4.2
  2.4.3
  2.4.4
  2.4.5
  2.4.6
  2.5
  2.5.1
  2.5.2
  2.5.3
  2.5.4
  2.5.5
  2.5.6
  2.6.6
  2.6.7
  2.6.8
  2.6.9
  2.7-dev
  2.7
  2.7.1
  2.7.2
  2.7.3
  2.7.4
  2.7.5
  2.7.6
  2.7.7
  2.7.8
  2.7.9
  2.7.10
  3.0.1
  3.1
  3.1.1
  3.1.2
  3.1.3
  3.1.4
  3.1.5
  3.2-dev
  3.2
  3.2.1
  3.2.2
  3.2.3
  3.2.4
  3.2.5
  3.2.6
  3.3.0
  3.3-dev
  3.3.1
  3.3.2
  3.3.3
  3.3.4
  3.3.5
  3.3.6
  3.4.0
  3.4-dev
  3.4.1
  3.4.2
  3.4.3
  3.5.0
  3.5-dev
  3.6-dev
  anaconda-1.4.0
  anaconda-1.5.0
  anaconda-1.5.1
  anaconda-1.6.0
  anaconda-1.6.1
  anaconda-1.7.0
  anaconda-1.8.0
  anaconda-1.9.0
  anaconda-1.9.1
  anaconda-1.9.2
  anaconda-2.0.0
  anaconda-2.0.1
  anaconda-2.1.0
  anaconda-2.2.0
  anaconda-2.3.0
  anaconda3-2.0.0
  anaconda3-2.0.1
  anaconda3-2.1.0
  anaconda3-2.2.0
  anaconda3-2.3.0
  ironpython-dev
  ironpython-2.7.4
  ironpython-2.7.5
  jython-dev
  jython-2.5.0
  jython-2.5-dev
  jython-2.5.1
  jython-2.5.2
  jython-2.5.3
  jython-2.5.4-rc1
  jython-2.7.0
  jython-2.7.1b1
  miniconda-2.2.2
  miniconda-3.0.0
  miniconda-3.0.4
  miniconda-3.0.5
  miniconda-3.3.0
  miniconda-3.4.2
  miniconda-3.7.0
  miniconda-3.8.3
  miniconda-3.9.1
  miniconda-3.10.1
  miniconda-3.16.0
  miniconda3-2.2.2
  miniconda3-3.0.0
  miniconda3-3.0.4
  miniconda3-3.0.5
  miniconda3-3.3.0
  miniconda3-3.4.2
  miniconda3-3.7.0
  miniconda3-3.8.3
  miniconda3-3.9.1
  miniconda3-3.10.1
  miniconda3-3.16.0
  pypy-c-jit-latest
  pypy-c-nojit-latest
  pypy-dev
  pypy-stm-2.3
  pypy-portable-2.3.1
  pypy-portable-2.4
  pypy-portable-2.5
  pypy-portable-2.5.1
  pypy-stm-2.5.1
  pypy-portable-2.6.0
  pypy-portable-2.6.1
  pypy-1.5-src
  pypy-1.5
  pypy-1.6
  pypy-1.7-dev
  pypy-1.7
  pypy-1.8-dev
  pypy-1.8
  pypy-1.9-dev
  pypy-1.9
  pypy-2.0-dev
  pypy-2.0-src
  pypy-2.0
  pypy-2.0.1-src
  pypy-2.0.1
  pypy-2.0.2-src
  pypy-2.0.2
  pypy-2.1-src
  pypy-2.1
  pypy-2.2-src
  pypy-2.2
  pypy-2.2.1-src
  pypy-2.2.1
  pypy-2.3-src
  pypy-2.3
  pypy-2.3.1-src
  pypy-2.3.1
  pypy-2.4.0-src
  pypy-2.4.0
  pypy-2.4-beta1-src
  pypy-2.4-beta1
  pypy-2.5.0-src
  pypy-2.5.0
  pypy-2.5.1-src
  pypy-2.5.1
  pypy-2.6.0-src
  pypy-2.6.0
  pypy-2.6.1-src
  pypy-2.6.1
  pypy3-dev
  pypy3-portable-2.3.1
  pypy3-portable-2.4
  pypy3-2.3.1-src
  pypy3-2.3.1
  pypy3-2.4.0-src
  pypy3-2.4.0
  stackless-dev
  stackless-2.7-dev
  stackless-2.7.2
  stackless-2.7.3
  stackless-2.7.4
  stackless-2.7.5
  stackless-2.7.6
  stackless-2.7.7
  stackless-2.7.8
  stackless-3.2-dev
  stackless-3.2.2
  stackless-3.2.5
  stackless-3.3-dev
  stackless-3.3.5
  stackless-3.4.1

3.4、安装对应的python版本

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$ pyenv install 3.4.3
pyenv: /Users/angel/.pyenv/versions/3.4.3 already exists
continue with installation? (y/N) N

3.5、设定环境

在.bashrc（或者.bash_profile）加入如下内容

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if which pyenv > /dev/null; then eval "$(pyenv init -)"; fi
if which pyenv-virtualenv-init > /dev/null; then eval "$(pyenv virtualenv-init -)"; fi

如果没有如上两个文件，可以生成。

3.6、切换python版本

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(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤python
Python 3.4.3 (default, May  2 2015, 21:56:04) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 6.1.0 (clang-602.0.49)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()
(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤ pyenv versions
  system
* 3.4.3 (set by /Users/angel/.pyenv/version)
(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤pyenv global system  
(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤ python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Sep  9 2014, 15:04:36) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 6.0 (clang-600.0.39)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()
(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤pyenv versions
* system (set by /Users/angel/.pyenv/version)
  3.4.3
(ENV3.4)╭─lumia@localhost ~/ENV3.4  ‹master*›
╰─➤ pyenv versions

“system”是系统默认版本。

文章作者: 蕾米亚
文章链接: http://omimo.ga/2017/5c1674cb.html
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